9295. Tumor necrosis factor (α-TNF)

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is a key mediator of the immune response, providing antitumor and antiviral effects. Elevated levels may indicate active inflammation, sepsis, or autoimmune disorders. The test is used for diagnosis and treatment monitoring.

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a protein synthesized by immunocompetent cells, particularly macrophages and T lymphocytes, in response to infectious, tumor, or traumatic injury. It plays a key role in initiating and regulating inflammation, combating tumor cells, and shaping the immune response.

The main biological effects of TNF-α are:

• cytotoxic effect: can cause tumor cell necrosis and the destruction of virally infected cells;
• immunomodulatory effect: activates macrophages, granulocytes, T and B lymphocytes, stimulates the synthesis of acute phase proteins and the production of other proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-6);
• triggers the acute phase of inflammation: promotes the development of fever and systemic inflammation;
• Increased leukocyte migration: attracts immune cells to the site of inflammation.

Important: Elevated TNF-α levels may occur in:

• acute and chronic infectious diseases;
• oncological processes;
• autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.);
• severe injuries, surgeries, sepsis.

Tumor necrosis factor is not used as a sole diagnostic marker. Its level should be assessed in combination with other inflammation indicators:

• IL-6 (interleukin-6) – a leading mediator of the acute phase of inflammation;
• CRP (C-reactive protein) – a marker of the systemic inflammatory response;
• PCT (procalcitonin) – a specific marker of bacterial infections;
• IFN-γ (interferon gamma) – a key regulator of antiviral cellular immunity.

Interpretation of tumor necrosis factor levels is always made in the context of the clinical picture, including symptoms, comorbid conditions, and the results of other laboratory and imaging diagnostic methods.

• To assess inflammatory activity in chronic autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis).
• In suspected sepsis or a systemic inflammatory response – as an additional marker of condition severity.
• To assess the effectiveness of therapy with TNF-α inhibitors (e.g., infliximab, adalimumab).
• In clinical trials as an indicator of the immune response and the body's reaction to stress, infection, and tumor.

• Venous blood

In order to exclude factors that may affect the test results, we recommend to follow the preparation rules: