Package No. 4.1.4 is a comprehensive biochemical analysis panel that enabels the state of kidney and liver function, electrolyte balance, and the risk of atherosclerosis.
The panel includes the following indicators:
Cholesterol (TC) is a fat-like substance vital to the body. It plays a role in the construction of cell membranes (their lipid bilayer); it is a precursor to bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones. The body synthesizes cholesterol itself, but also obtains some from food.
Most cholesterol in the blood is not found in a free state, but in a complex with proteins – in the form of lipoproteins, which perform various functions.
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), which transport cholesterol from the liver to other organs, can be deposited on arterial walls. LDL has atherogenic properties, which is why it is called bad cholesterol. The higher its levels, the higher the risk of atherosclerosis.
High-density lipoproteins (HDL), on the other hand, transport cholesterol to the liver for utilization and thus can prevent bad cholesterol from forming plaques. Therefore, HDL has anti-atherogenic properties and is considered good cholesterol.
Triglycerides are fats that serve as the body's primary energy reserve. They are stored primarily in adipose tissue, and elevated blood levels are often observed in people with diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. They are a risk factor not only for atherosclerosis but also for pancreatitis. To determine the levels of these indicators, a comprehensive lipid profile is performed. Together, these tests enabels to assess the risk of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels.
Creatinine is the end product of creatinine breakdown, which helps assess the filtration capacity of the kidneys. Detecting changes in this indicator can aid in the differential diagnosis of kidney diseases. The amount of creatinine produced depends on overall body weight and, in particular, muscle mass.
Urea is the end product of protein metabolism in the body. Detecting changes in this indicator is used to assess renal excretory function and identify nitrogen metabolism disorders. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is the nitrogen contained in the end products of protein metabolism, particularly urea. In addition to urea, non-protein nitrogen also comes from creatinine, uric acid, and a number of other compounds. This indicator is directly dependent on the concentration of BUN in the blood. This indicator's concentration does not exceed the normal range until the glomerular filtration rate falls below 40 ml/min, that is, less than 50% of the normal value.
ALT is an enzyme found primarily in the liver, but also in the kidneys, myocardium, and pancreas. It is released into the bloodstream in the event of cell damage. Elevated BUN levels can assist in assessing the extent of liver damage, differential diagnosis of biliary tract and pancreatic diseases, and cardiovascular pathology.
AST is an enzyme found in the cells of the myocardium, liver, skeletal muscle, kidneys, pancreas, brain, and spleen. It is released into the bloodstream in the event of cell damage, primarily in the myocardium and liver. Elevated levels can help assess the extent of liver or heart muscle damage, but do not rule out pathology in other organs and systems.
GGT is an enzyme found primarily in the tissues of the kidneys, liver, pancreas, and small intestine and is released into the bloodstream primarily in the event of liver cell damage. Detecting changes in this indicator helps assess the extent of tissue damage and diagnose liver disease.
Sodium, potassium, and chloride are the body's main electrolytes.
